Modi Government Focuses on Nuclear Submarine Deterrence Against China

In response to China's growing naval presence in the Indian Ocean, India has approved the construction of two nuclear-powered attack submarines to strengthen its sub-surface defense. This strategic move reflects a shift in focus from Pakistan to China as India’s primary military threat.

In response to an increased Chinese naval presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), the Narendra Modi government has approved the construction of two nuclear-powered attack submarines. This decision signals India's shift towards sub-surface deterrence, moving away from reliance on aircraft carriers, which are considered more vulnerable to Chinese long-range missile threats.

Chinese military activity in the IOR has intensified, with approximately 11 Chinese military ships, including warships and surveillance vessels, present in the region per month since 2023. In light of this, India is strengthening its naval capabilities to monitor and counter China's growing influence.

The Indian Navy is expected to lease a second Akula-class nuclear attack submarine from Russia, despite delays caused by the Ukraine war. India's third nuclear ballistic missile submarine, INS Aridhaman, is set to be commissioned next year, following the already active INS Arihant and its successors, which are equipped with long-range K-4 nuclear ballistic missiles.

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This focus on nuclear submarines demonstrates a strategic shift, as China, rather than Pakistan, is now seen as India’s primary military threat, particularly after the 2020 Chinese aggression in Ladakh. To bolster its regional defenses, India is also working on building advanced Kalvari-class diesel attack submarines in partnership with France, aiming to make Mazagon Dockyards a hub for submarine exports.